• Surveying: 19 Chains and 50 Links

Math: Algebraic reasoning (equations), Number Sense & Operation, Geometry, Measurement
/ Social Studies: American History
Surveying: 19 Chains and 50 Links
Background
Surveying is the technique of measuring to determine the position of
points, or of marking out points and boundaries. These points may be above,
beneath, or on the earth’s surface.
Surveying is as old as civilization. It dates back to early egypt. every
year, after the Nile river flooded and washed out farm boundaries, new
boundaries were fixed by surveying. Three of the four presidents on Mount
rushmore started as surveyors—George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and
Abraham Lincoln.
From colonial times and through the 1800s surveying was performed
using a crude transit, or compass, and a chain. The chain was designed by
edmund Gunter in the late 1500s and is sometimes referred to as “Gunter’s
chain.” The most common chain used was 66 feet long and had 100 links.
each link was equal to 7.92 inches. The compass was mounted on a tripod or P.A.S.S.
a single pole, called a “Jacob’s Staff.” These tools were cumbersome to carry GrAde 6
and difficult to maneuver through thick brush. More modern methods of sur- Math Process—
veying include the Theodolite, an electronic distance measurement, GPS 1.1,3,4,5,6; 2.1,2; 4.1; 5.4
(Global Positioning System), and robotic surveying systems. Math Content—1.2,4;
The Land Ordinance of 1785 was adopted by the US Congress on May 2.2cd; 3.2; 4.2
20, 1785. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress did not have the
power to raise revenue by direct taxation of the inhabitants of the United GrAde 7
States. Therefore, the immediate goal of the ordinance was to raise money Math Process—
through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original 1.1,3,4,5,6; 2.1,2; 4.1; 5.4
colonies acquired from Britain at the end of the revolutionary War. Math Content—2.1b; 4.3
The 1785 ordinance laid the foundations of land policy in the United
States of America until passage of the Homestead Act in 1862. The Land GrAde 8
Ordinance established the basis for the Public Land Survey System. The ini- Math Process—
tial surveying was performed by Thomas Hutchins. After he died in 1789, 1.1,3,4,5,6; 2.1,2; 4.1; 5.4
responsibility for surveying was transferred to the Surveyor General. Land Math Content—1.1d
was to be systematically surveyed into square "townships," six miles (9.656 Social Studies—5.2; 9.9
km) on a side. each of these townships were sub-divided into thirty-six "sec-
tions" of one square mile (2.59 km²) or 640 acres. These sections could then
be further subdivided for sale to settlers and land speculators. Most pioneer
farmers couldn’t plant a whole section. Generally settlers started with 80
acres, with several pioneer families living on a single section of land.
When the government had surveyed the land, they set up a land office,
where they sold the land at auctions. Another way the settlers acquired land
was from the railroad companies. The government gave land to the railroad
companies to encourage them to build railroad lines in the new territories.
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 The railroad companies would sell some of the land to farmers.
The 1785 ordinance also established a mechanism for funding public
education. Section 16 in each township was reserved for the maintenance of
public schools. Many schools today are still located in section sixteen of their
respective townships, although a great many of the school sections were sold
to raise money for public education. In theory, the federal government also
reserved sections 8, 11, 26 and 29 to compensate veterans of the
revolutionary War, but examination of property abstracts in Ohio indicates
that this was not uniformly practiced. The Point of Beginning for the 1785
survey was where Ohio (as the easternmost part of the Northwest Territory),
Pennsylvania and Virginia (now West Virginia) met, on the north shore of the
Ohio river near east Liverpool, Ohio. There is a historical marker just north
of the site, at the state line where Ohio route 39 becomes Pennsylvania
route 68.
In May of 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act. It provided that
any person over 21 who was the head of a family and either a citizen or an
resources Needed alien who intended to become a citizen could obtain the title to 160 acres (65
ruler hectares) of public land if he lived on the land for five years and improved it.
Settlers could also pay $1.25 per acre in place of the residence requirement.
yard/meter sticks It was thought that the land was worthless until improved, and homesteaders
should not have to pay for the land if they were willing to improve it by turn-
protractor ing in into farms.
The Homestead Act attracted thousands of settlers to the West. From
calculator 1862 until 1900, it provided farms and new homes for between 400,000 and
600,000 families. As families arrived, the federal government had to survey
yarn/string the land.
For “No Man’s Land” and the “Unassigned Lands” of Oklahoma, the
construction stakes Indian Meridian and Indian Base Line were established at approximately
twelve miles west of the 97th meridian. As provided in 1866, with treaties
hammer between the US government and the Choctaw and Chickasaw nation, Indian
land east of the 98th meridian was surveyed according to the public land sur-
10’ or 25’ measuring tool vey system of the US General Land Office. established in 1785, this system
of land survey used a mathematically-determined method to divide the public
computer access domain into standard units called “sections.” From the Initial Point (Fort
Arbuckle—approximately six miles west of the present town of davis), a
north-south line (Indian Meridian) and east-west line (Indian Base) were
drawn. eventually all the mapping and surveying would become boundary
lines from which thousands made the Land run of 1889 into the
“Unassigned Lands” of Oklahoma.
Background Sources: Bradley, Harold W., “Homestead Act,” World Book Encyclopedia;
Straus, e. G., “Gunter ’s Chain,” World Book Encyclopedia; “Land Ordinance of 1785,”
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785; “A
Brief History of Land Surveying,” http://www.plsurvey.com; “Surveying Land,”
http://www.campsilos.org; Chapman, Berlin B., Indian Meridian, Archives and Manuscripts
division, Oklahoma Historical Society, 1967.
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Activities
1. read together and discuss the background information to familiarize stu-
dents with surveying and its purpose.
—Students will give examples of the uses of surveying today.
—Introduce/discuss the vocabulary.
2. discuss the Homestead Act of 1862.
—Were the original purposes for the Homestead Act successful? Vocabulary
—What problems or concerns arose?
boundary—anything mark-
3. Hand out Worksheet A and review with students.
ing a limit or border
—discuss the terminology of measurement used in surveying.
chain—a 66 foot length in
—Compare the measurements to standard or metric units used today.
surveying made up of 100
—Students complete Worksheet A using the information given.
links
—discuss the problems or concerns students had relating to the conver-
compass—instrument for
sion of measurements.
showing direction by using
4. Hand out Worksheet B and review with students.
a magnetic needle which
—discuss the surveying terminology of townships and sections.
always points north
—divide students into groups of three or four.
domain—land or territory
—Students will work together to complete the surveying.
belonging to one govern-
—Students will complete Worksheet B, using their geometric skills to
ment or person
physically stake out plots on the school grounds.
Global Positioning System
—Students will use protractors to accurately find the angles on their
(GPS)—a system of satel-
plots.
lites, computers, and
—Students will exchange work areas with another group and check the
receivers that is able to
accuracy of that group’s survey work.
determine the latitude and
—discuss the problems of physically completing this activity rather than
longitude of a receiver on
doing it on paper.
earth by calculating the
—What would have been some problems with surveying land in the early
time difference for signals
1800s?
from different satellites to
reach the receiver
extra reading for Students hectare—metric measure
MacLauchlan, Patricia, Caleb’s Story, HarperTrophy, 2002. of surface equal to 10,000
McGaw, Judith A., Early American Technology: Making & Doing Things square meters or 2.471
From the Colonial Era to 1850, University of North Carolina Press, acres
1994. meridian—any of the lines
Home, robert K., Of Planting and Planning: The Making of British Colonial of longitude running north
Cities, routledge, 1996 and south on a map or
Lasky, Kathryn, The Journal of Augustus Pelletier: The Lewis and Clark globe
Expedition (My Name is America), Scholastic, 2000. robotic—an automated
device to take the place of
extra reading for Teachers human manual work
Jackson, Louise e., Ecology in Agriculture, Academic, 1997. transit—a surveying
Kolodny, Annette, The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History instrument for measuring
in American Life and Letters, University of North Carolina Press, horizontal angles
2005.
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 Name
Surveying: 19 Chains and 50 Links A
Surveying units:
Chain = 66ft. or 20 meters (100 links) Furlong/furrowlong = 660 ft.
Link = 7.92 inches Mile = 5280 ft. or 1760 yds.
rod/perch/Jacob’s pole = 16.5 feet Township = square of land 6 miles by 6 miles
80 chains = 1 mile Township = 36 sections
100 square chains = 10 acres square Section = 640 acres or 1 mile square
1 chain = the width of many rural roads
Use the above information to complete the activities below. Please show your computations.
1. draw a township, including the 36 sections. (.25 inches = 1 mile)
2. Most early settlers could only farm 80 acres. How many 80-acre plots are included in a township?
3. A Jacob’s pole is 3 fathoms or 16.5 feet long.
a. How many poles would equal 1 chain?
b. How many links would equal one pole?
4. Surveyors used stakes to mark the end of each chain. If they were surveying a square plot of 10 acres per
side, how many stakes would they need?
5. How many chain lengths would be needed to survey a township? (perimeter measurement)
6. How many chains and links would be needed to plot a distance of 8000 feet?
Oklahoma Ag in the Classroom is a program of the Oklahoma Cooperative extension Service, the Oklahoma
department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry and the Oklahoma State department of education.
 Name
Surveying: 19 Chains and 50 Links (answers) A
Surveying units:
Chain = 66ft. or 20 meters (100 links) Furlong/furrowlong = 660 ft.
Link = 7.92 inches Mile = 5280 ft. or 1760 yds.
rod/perch/Jacob’s pole = 16.5 feet Township = square of land 6 miles by 6 miles
80 chains = 1 mile Township = 36 sections
100 square chains = 10 acres square Section = 640 acres or 1 mile square
1 chain = the width of many rural roads
Use the above information to complete the activities below. Please show your computations.
1. draw a township, including the 36 sections. (.25 inches = 1 mile)
Answer: each side of the township should measure 1 1/2 inches.
2. Most early settlers could only farm 80 acres. How many 80-acre plots are included in a township?
Answer: each section = 640 acres ÷80 acres = 8 farm plots
36 sections (1 township) x 8 farms = 288 plots
3. A Jacob’s pole is 3 fathoms or 16.5 feet long.
a. How many poles would equal 1 chain?
Answer: 1 chain = 66 ft.
66 ft. ÷ 16.5 ft. = 4 poles
b. How many links would equal one pole?
Answer: 1 link = 7.92 in 1 pole = 16.5 ft. or 198 in.
198 in. ÷ 7.92 in. = 25 links
4. Surveyors used stakes to mark the end of each chain. If they were surveying a square plot of 10 acres per
side, how many stakes would they need?
Answer: 10 chains per side
4 corner stakes + 9 stakes per side
9 stakes x 4 sides + 4 corners = 40 stakes
5. How many chain lengths would be needed to survey a township? (perimeter measurement)
Answer: 80 chains per mile 6 miles x 4 sides = 24 miles perimeter
24 miles x 80 chains = 1920 chain lengths
6. How many chains and links would be needed to plot a distance of 8000 feet?
Answer: 1 chain = 66 ft. 8000 ft. ÷ 66 ft = 7986 ft. (121 chains)
8000 – 7986 = 14 ft. or 168 inches
168 in ÷ 7.92 in = 21.21 links
Final answer: 121 chains and 21.21 link
Oklahoma Ag in the Classroom is a program of the Oklahoma Cooperative extension Service, the Oklahoma
department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry and the Oklahoma State department of education.
 Name
Surveying: 19 Chains and 50 Links B
As a surveyor, you will be marking out sections of land. All angles and measurements need to be exact.
1. Survey a square plot of land with sides of 25 links. (A link equals 7.92 inches.) draw and label your plot
when finished surveying.
2. Survey a triangular plot of land. The plot forms a right triangle whose base is 3 ft. long and contains a 60-
degree angle. draw and label your plot when finished with the measurements of all three sides and angles.
3. Your choice! Complete the survey of a plot which is a geometric polygon and has 6 or fewer sides. Be
sure to draw and label a diagram of your plot with angles and sides.
Oklahoma Ag in the Classroom is a program of the Oklahoma Cooperative extension Service, the Oklahoma
department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry and the Oklahoma State department of education.
 Name
Surveying: 19 Chains and 50 Links (answers) B
As a surveyor, you will be marking out sections of land. All angles and measurements need to be exact.
1. Survey a square plot of land with sides of 25 links. (A link equals 7.92 inches.) draw and label your plot
when finished surveying.
Answer: 25 links x 7.92 in = 198 inches or 16.5 ft. or 5.5 yds
drawing: a square with 90 degree angles
2. Survey a triangular plot of land. The plot forms a right triangle whose base is 3 ft. long and contains a 60
degree angle. draw and label your plot when finished with the measurements of all 3 sides and angles.
Answer: The angles of the right triangle should be 30, 60, and 90 degrees respectively.
The sides of the triangle should follow the formula 3 squared + “b” squared = “c” squared with “c” being
the hypotenuse of the triangle.
3. Your choice! Complete the survey of a plot which is a geometric polygon and has 6 or fewer sides. Be
sure to draw and label a diagram of your plot with angles and sides.
Answers: each group will vary depending on the choice of design.
Oklahoma Ag in the Classroom is a program of the Oklahoma Cooperative extension Service, the Oklahoma
department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry and the Oklahoma State department of education.